高考英语语法是测试语言法的框架结构，是考查学生在语篇下语法能力应用的综合语言能力。在高考英语的复习中，精确地梳理高考英语的语法考点，为高考英语的高分铺垫基础。本讲是高考英语系列之定语从句，包含限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
               
1.  定语从句顾名思义就是起修饰限定作用的句子, 故又称形容词性从句。
同其它从句相比较，其引导词本身在从句中充当一定的成分，这是学习定语从句的一个关键点, 例如：当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词，宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。
2. 关系词：that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why
2.1关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
2.1.1 who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。whom在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略,并在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替。
例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that在从句中做主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
Mr Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
2.1.2 whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
We all helped the student whose father is a teacher.　
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.
2.1.3 which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等, 做宾语时常可省略。
例如：
Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys.
The factory which / that makes computers is far away from here.
This is the pen ( which/that ) he bought yesterday.
The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
2.2  关系副词引导的定语从句
　 关系副词在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点或理由。相当于“介词+ which”结构。此处的介词一般应是能同先行词搭配的介词。
2.1.1关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which” 结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如：
I still remember the day when (on which) I went to school for the first time. 　
Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.　
Is this the reason why（for which）he did not go to school ?
2.2.3 特殊引导词：先行词和关系词二合一
2.2.3.1 Whoever= anyone who
Whoever smokes in public will be punished here.
2.2.3.2 What = all that / the thing which
The parents will use what they have to send their son to college.
    What you want has been sent here.
 2.2.3.3 Whatever = anything that
You can take whatever you like.
Whatever you say will be examined.
2.3 关系词的省略
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
2.3.1 关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。
  Are these keys (that /which) you are looking for?
  The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.
2.3.2 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
  I don't like the way (that/ in which) she walks.
  The way (that/in which) he answered the questions was surprising.
2.3.3在The time、every time、each time、the moment, the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中，when, where, why可省略。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
That's the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country.
By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.
    The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.
 
2.4 that 和 what 在做关系词时的用法区别
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：
　　I think（that）you will like the stamps. 
What we need is more practice. 
 
3. 定语从句类型
3.1   限制性和非限制性定语从句
3.1.1 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
　  The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
3.1.2  非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
3.3 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
3.2 分割性定语从句
3.2.1 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，但有时候定语从句如果紧接先行词会引起主句头重脚轻或句意分隔等问题，此时，从句和先行词被其他成分分隔。例如：
He was the only person in this country who was invited
The village has developed a lot where we learned farming two years ago. 
4. as 与which在引导定语从句时的比较
4.1. 在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中做主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用。
As we know, smoking is harmful to our health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to our health.
He married her, as/which was natural.
He was honest, as/which we can see.
4.2如从句在主句之前，用as，不能用which.
As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
4.3 as 在引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指一件事，它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾
He is an American, as/which we know from his accent.
As we know from his accent, he is an American.
He, as we know from his accent, is an American.
As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.
4.4如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有“正如．．．”“就象．．．”之意时，用as
We won the match, as we had expected.
He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
4.5当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.
I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.
    比较：the same…as… 与the same… that…
This is the same book as you bought yesterday. (同一类书)
This is the same book that you bought yesterday. (同一本书)
4.6当从句位于句尾，且当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which。
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was shameful.
4.7当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which.
Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
4.8 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
It rained all day, which spoiled our plan to visit the Expo.
4.9一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法, 常常含有“正如。。。。。。”
as is known to all           as has been said before
    这是众所周知的            如前所说 
    as is often the case           as may be imagined
    情况常常如此              这可以想象得出
    as has been pointed out       as often happens
    正如已经指出的那样        这种情况常常发生
    as you may still remember     as has been mentioned above
    正如你记的那样            正如上面提到的那样
5. 几个重点：
5.1只能用that做关系词的情况
5.1.1主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
5.1.2 在不定代词，some-, any-, every-和no与-body, -thing的合成不定代词, 如：everything, nothing, anything, something, 以及 much, little, none，the one, any, few, all，some、that、those 等不定代词。
All that we have to do is to practice every day.
We should do all that is useful to the people.
There's nothing that can be said about it.
Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
5.1.3 先行词被any, some, no, every, much, few, little, all, very, the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时
I’ve read all the books that you lent me.
No sample that we nave received is satisfactory.
Please send us any information that you have about the subject.
He is the only person that was present at the time.
I have read all the books that you gave me.　
He is the only person that/who I want to talk to.
5.1.4先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
Hamburg is the most beautiful city that I’ve ever seen.
This is the best TV that is made in China.
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.
5.1.5 先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered.
A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.
5.1.6当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时,为避免重复, 用that。
Who is the man that is talking to John?
Which is the book that you like best?
5.1.7如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。例如：
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
5.1.8如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
5.1.9当先行词在主句中做表语，或关系代词在从句中做表语时，在限制性定语从句中，只能用that.
It’s a book that will help you a lot.
My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
 
5.2只能用which 做引导词的情况
5. 2.1 引导非限定性定语从句时。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
5. 2.2 介词后。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
Her bag, in which she put all her money, has been stolen.
This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.
Xiao Wang, with which I went to the concert, enjoys it very much.
5. 2.3 当先行词是that, whose时。
Clock is that which tells you time.
What's that which she is looking at?
There are many books, but I can’t find those which the teacher mentioned yesterday.
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
5.2.4当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
 
5.3 只用who的情况，在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who
5.3.1 在非限制定语从句中限定人时。
     His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
5.3.2 先行词是one, anyone, those、someone、everyone等时。
One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.
    Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.  
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
5.3.3 在there/here be开头的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to see you.
5.3.4 先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。
Don't tell anyone about the secret who should not know.
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
5.3.5一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 若先行词是人，为避免重复另一个则宜用who。 如：
The student that was praised at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.
 
6. 几个难点：
6.1   用关系代词还是关系副词
用关系代词还是关系副词经常是定语从句学习中的一个难点，如何确定呢？
方法1：看从句中的谓语动词，若从句中及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词，而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
　  This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
方法2：判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状）。先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。
Is this museum the one you visited a few days age?
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held？
6.2介词+关系词
6.2.1 “介词＋关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词后面的关系代词不能省略。若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
The manager in whose company I work is very kind to his employers.
6.2.2有时候关系副词when和where也可以用在介词之后，如since when、by when和from where等。例如：
    The book was written in 1946, since when the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007 山东)
    We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town…
6.2.3 用什么介词取决于:
a. 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配
He is the man on whom I think you can depend.
b. 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配
He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.
c. 根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词搭配
The rate at which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.
This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teacher’s desk.
This is the pen with which I write my homework.
d. 在象listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of等固定短语动词中，一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
    This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
    This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.
e. 介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few, one 等名词，代词或者数词。
The committee consists of 20 members, 5 of whom/which are women.
The book contains 50 poems, most of which was written in 1930s.
There are two left, one of which is almost finished, and the other of which is not quite.
I have a sentence, the meaning of which I don’t understand.
6.2.3 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
This is the house in which / where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which /when you came to my house?
6.3 定语从句与强调句型的区别
6.3.1强调句型中的it是个引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉it is/was that，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词，做主句的主语。如果去掉it is /was that，句子结构不完整，意思也完整。
  It is a question that needs careful consideration.（定语从句）
  It is novels that she enjoys reading.（强调句型）（=She enjoys reading novels）
6.3.2 在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。
  It was because she was ill that we decided to return. （强调句型）
  Was it in this street that the ceremony was held? （强调句型）
  Was it this street where the ceremony was held? （定语从句）
6.3.3 有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用。
  It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.（that was set up last year 是定语从句，that在从句中做主语，并可被which替换）
  It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest. （who came from our school 是定语从句，who在从句中做主语）
6.3.4 在有省略强调结构句型中，往往会被误认为定语从句。例如：
　　— Where did you get to know her?
　　— It was on the farm where we worked. 
6.4 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
6.4.1 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。
It is a fact (that) you can't deny.（定语从句）
    It is a fact that she has done her best.（同位语从句）
6.4.2 在定语从句中，that代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，在作宾语时通常可省略。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不可省。
    The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.（定语从句）
    The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位从句）
6.4.3 同位语从句中的被限定词常见的有：fact, reason, idea, truth, news 等，而定语从句所修饰的限定词一般没有定量。
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